欧洲版字幕标准：目标文字编辑指南｜Part 3

Altering syntactic structures 改变句法结构

Simpler syntactic structures (canonical forms) tend to be both shorter and easier to understand than complex syntactic structures and should, therefore, be preferred, provided that a fine balance is achieved between a) semantic aspects (maintaining the semantic load of the original), b) pragmatic aspects (maintaining the function of the original), and c) stylistics (maintaining the stylistics features of the original). Categories of complex syntactic structures could be replaced by simplified ones as follows:

更简单的句法结构（规范形式）往往比复杂的句法结构更短和更容易理解，因此，应该是首选，只要在

复杂句法结构的类别可以用简化的句法结构替代如下：

❶ Active for passive constructions 主动或被动结构

E.g. “It is believed by many people.” (30 characters) => “Many people believe.” (20 characters).

 “这被许多人相信。”（7个字）=>“许多人相信。”（5个字）。

❷ Positive for negative expressions 否定表达式的积极表达

E.g. “We went to a place we hadn’t been before.” (41 characters) => “We went to a new place.” (23 characters).

例如， “我们去了一个我们以前没有的地方。”（15个字）=>“我们去了一个新地方”（9个字）。

❸ Temporal Prepositional Phrases for temporal subordinate clauses 时态先决条件句

E.g. “I’ll study when I finish watching this movie.” (46 characters) => “I’ll study after this movie.” (28 characters).

 “我会学习，当我看完这部电影。”（12个字）=>“我会研究这部电影”（8个字）。

❹ Modified nouns for the referring relative clauses 引用相关子句的修饰名词

E.g. “What I’d like is a cup of coffee.” (33 characters) => “I’d like a cup of coffee.” (25 characters).

 “我想要的是一杯咖啡。”（9个字）=>“我想要一杯咖啡”（7个字）

❺ Gapping for double verb insertion 双动词插入间隙

E.g. “John would like to work in Germany and Bill would like to work in France.” (73 characters) => “John would like to work in Germany and Bill in France.”; (54 characters).

例如 “约翰想在德国工作，比尔想在法国工作。”（16个字）=>“约翰想在德国工作而比尔想在法国。 （15个字）。

❻ Straightforward question sentences for indicative pragmatic requests 用于表示实用请求的直接问句

E.g. “I would like to know if you are coming.” (39 characters) => “Are you coming?” (15 characters).

例如，“我想知道你是否来。”（8个字）=>“你来了吗？”（4个字）。

❼ Straightforward imperative sentences for indicative pragmatic requests 用于指示实际请求的直接命令句

E.g. “I would like you to give me my keys back.” (41 characters) => “Give me my keys back.” (21 characters).

例如 “我想让你给我我的钥匙。”（10个字）=>“给我我的钥匙。”（6个字）。

In certain cases, however, it is longer structures that have to be preferred because they facilitate mental processing:

然而，在某些情况下，

较长的结构必须是首选的

因为它们有助于心理处理：

❶ Coherent phrase grouping for syntactical scrambling

E.g. “That a man should arrive with long hair did not surprise me.” (60 characters) => “It did not surprise me that a man with long hair should arrive.” (63 characters).

例如，“一个留着长头发的男人到达并没有让我吃惊”（19个字）=>“一个留着长头发的男人应该到达这一点都没有让我惊讶”（24个字）。

❷ Acronyms, apostrophes, numerals and symbols 首字母缩略词，撇号，数字和符号

Acronyms, apostrophes and symbols can save precious character space by abbreviating meaning signs. However, they should be used with caution and only if they are immediately recognisable and comprehensible. 

首字母缩略词，撇号和符号可以通过缩写意义符号来节省宝贵的字符空间。但是，它们应谨慎使用，并且只有当它们立即可识别和可理解时。

❸ Acronyms 首字母缩略词

Use acronyms like “NATO” and “USA” but avoid acronyms like “PM” (Prime Minister) or “DC” (Detective Constable).

使用缩略语“NATO”和“US”，但避免首字母缩略词“PM”（总理）或“DC”（侦探员）。

❹ Apostrophes 撇号

Use apostrophes for abbreviations of auxiliaries like “I’d like” and “You can’t” but avoid abbreviations like “Mid’bro” (Middlesborough).

使用撇号来表示辅助词的缩写，例如“I'd like”和“You can not”，但避免使用缩写“Mad'bro”（Middlesbrough）。

❺ Numerals 数字

For numerals, the conventions of printed materials should be followed, i.e. they should be used to indicate numbers over twelve “He is only 25” but not other numeric expressions like “1000s of times” or “the 2 of us.”

对于数字，应遵循印刷材料的惯例，即它们应用于表示超过十二个“他只有25岁”的数字，而不是其他数字表达式，如“1000倍的时间”或“我们中的两个”。

❻ Symbols 符号

Use symbols commonly used and immediately recognised on printed materials like “%” and avoid less common symbols like “&” or “@.”

常用的并且在打印材料上立即识别的常用符号，例如“％”，并避免使用较少的常见符号，例如“＆”或“@”。

❼ Rendering dialects 渲染方言

If a dialect of the target language (regional or social) is chosen to be used on the subtitled text, it should not be rendered as a phonetic or syntactic transcription of the spoken form. Only dialects that have already appeared in a written form in printed materials are allowed to be used in subtitles as well. For example, archaic or biblical forms like “thee” for “you” are allowed but sociolect forms like “whadda ya doin?” are not allowed because they are not immediately recognisable and comprehensible by the viewers’ eye.

如果选择目标语言（区域或社会）的方言用于字幕文本，则不应将其作为口头形式的语音和句法转录。只有已经以书面形式出现在印刷材料中的方言也允许在字幕中使用。

例如，允许古老的或圣经的形式，如“thee”的“you”，但是社会学的形式，如“whadda ya doin？”是不允许的，因为他们不是立即可识别和观众的眼睛可理解。

❽ Taboo words 禁忌词

Taboo words should not be censored unless their frequent repetition dictates their reduction for reasons of text economy.

禁忌词不应被审查，除非他们的频繁重复指示他们的减少原因为文本成本时。

❾ Culture-specific linguistic elements 文化特定的语言元素

There is no standard guideline for the transfer of culture-specific linguistic elements. There are five possible alternatives for such a transfer: a) cultural transfer, b) transposition, c) transposition with explanation, d) neutralisation (plain explanation), e) omission. The culture specific element “10 Downing Street” (the British Prime Minister’s Residence), for example, in the expression “They were following orders from 10 Downing Street” could be transferred as follows:

没有关于文化特定语言元素转移的标准指南。这种转移有五种可能的替代方案：1、文化转移；2、转换；3、转换与解释；4、中和（简单解释）；5、省略。例如，文化特定元素“唐宁街10号”（英国首相的居住地）的表述“他们遵循唐宁街10号的命令”可以转移如下：

Cultural Transfer 文化转移

“They were following orders from ________,” filling the gap with the respective name of the Prime Minister’s Residence (e.g. Matignon for France, Megaro Maximou for Greece etc.)

“他们遵循________的命令，”填补了总理居住地的名称（例如法国的Matignon，希腊的Megaro Maximou等）。

Transposition 调换

“They were following orders from 10 Downing Street”

“他们遵从唐宁街10号的命令”

Transposition with explanation 转换与解释

“They were following orders from 10 Downing Street, the Prime Minister’s House”

“他们遵从唐宁街10号，总理府的命令”

Neutralisation 中立

“They were following orders from the Prime Minister”

“他们听从总理的命令”

Omission 省略

“They were following orders”

“它们遵从命令。”

The choice of which alternative to apply depends on the culture-specific linguistic element itself, as well as on the broader, contextual, linguistic or non-linguistic aural and visual situation in which it is embedded.

选择应用哪个替代方案取决于特定于文化的语言元素本身，以及其所嵌入的更广泛的，语境，语言或非语言的听觉和视觉情境。

／Bibliography 参考书目／

Baker, Robert et al. 1984. Handbook for Television Subtitlers. Engineering division. Independent Broadcasting Authority. London. England.

Dries, Josephine. 1995. Dubbing and Subtitling: Guidelines for Production and Distribution. The European Institute for the Media. Düsseldorf.

ITC (Independent Television Commission) (eds.). 1997. ITC Guidance on Standards for Subtitling. ITC. London. England.

Ivarsson, Jan. 1992. Subtitling for the Media. Ljunglöfs Offset AB. Stockholm.

Luyken, Georg-Michael et al. 1991. Overcoming Language Barriers in Television: Dubbing and Subtitling for the European Audience. The European Institute for the Media. Düsseldorf.

Minchinton, John. 1993. Sub-titling. Minchinton J. Hertfordshire, England.

D’Ydewalle, Géry et al. 1987. “Reading a Message when the same Message Is Available Auditorily in Another Language: The Case of Subtitling.” In Eye Movements: From Physiology to Cognition, Regan & Lévy-Schoen (eds.). Amsterdam. p. 313-321.

d’Ydewalle, Géry et al. 1991. “Watching Subtitled Television: Automatic Reading Behaviour.” In Communication Research 18:5, October 1991. p.650-666.

翻译｜陈茜 郑鸣昊 黄桂萍

校对｜黄桂萍

编辑｜刘鑫